Function Generator
Function Generator - Related Videos
08:45
Generation of Functional Endodermal Hepatic Organoids
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Cited by 1 •
2025
This protocol describes the generation of fast and reproducible endodermal hepatic organoids (eHEPOs). With this protocol, eHEPOs can be produced within 2 weeks and expand long-term (more than 1 year) without losing their differentiation and functionality.
11:09
Generation of Aligned Functional Myocardial Tissue Through Microcontact Printing
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Cited by 19 •
2013
The generation of aligned myocardial tissue is a key requirement for adapting the recent advances in stem cell biology to clinically useful purposes. Herein we describe a microcontact printing approach for the precise control of cell shape and function. Using highly purified populations of embryonic stem cell derived cardiac progenitors, we then generate anisotropic functional myocardial tissue.
06:33
Optimized Protocol for Generating Functional Pancreatic Insulin-secreting Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Cited by 3 •
2024
This article presents a protocol for directed differentiation and functional analysis of β-cell like cells. We describe optimal culture conditions and passages for human pluripotent stem cells before generating insulin-producing pancreatic cells. The six-stage differentiation progresses from definitive endoderm formation to functional β-cell like cells secreting insulin in response to glucose.
08:11
Analysis of Gene Function and Visualization of Cilia-Generated Fluid Flow in Kupffer's Vesicle
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Cited by 19 •
2013
Cilia-generated fluid flow in Kupffer’s Vesicle (KV) controls left-right patterning of the zebrafish embryo. Here, we describe a technique to modulate gene function specifically in KV cells. In addition, we show how to deliver fluorescent beads into KV to visualize fluid flow.
10:48
Generation of Human Motor Units with Functional Neuromuscular Junctions in Microfluidic Devices
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Cited by 12 •
2021
We describe a method to generate human motor units in commercially available microfluidic devices by co-culturing human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived motor neurons with human primary mesoangioblast-derived myotubes resulting in the formation of functionally active neuromuscular junctions.
FAQs
Timing circuitry establishes the repeating signal pattern, while waveform-shaping processes convert that timing information into forms such as sine, square, or triangular waves. This separation allows the instrument to produce several signal types from controlled repetition rather than relying on a different test source for each shape. Engineers can then compare how a circuit responds to distinct waveform forms.
Frequency, amplitude, phase, and duty cycle determine the main properties of the applied waveform. Frequency changes how rapidly the signal repeats, amplitude changes its level, phase sets its timing relationship, and duty cycle controls the proportion of a cycle occupied by a particular state. Adjusting these variables lets engineers impose defined input conditions during circuit evaluation.
The waveform choice provides a different stimulus for examining circuit behavior. Sine waves support response evaluation under a smooth repeating input, whereas square and triangular waves expose behavior under other repeating signal shapes. Using multiple outputs helps engineers analyze amplifiers, filters, switching circuits, sensors, and communication systems from more than one operating perspective.
Begin by selecting the required waveform, then set its frequency, amplitude, phase, and, when relevant, duty cycle to match the test condition. Apply the controlled output to the circuit under evaluation and measure the resulting behavior. Repeating the test with adjusted settings provides a structured way to compare performance under different inputs.
An engineer can provide an amplifier or filter with a controlled repeating signal, then observe how the circuit responds as waveform settings change. Adjusting frequency and amplitude creates defined input conditions for examining circuit performance. The resulting measurements help reveal response characteristics and support comparison between expected operation and the behavior observed during testing.
A consistent, adjustable stimulus helps separate circuit behavior from changes in the test input. During troubleshooting, engineers can vary signal parameters and measure the response to help identify faults. In prototype validation, the same controlled conditions can be applied repeatedly, supporting performance checks before the design is accepted for further engineering work.