Emulsion Breaking
Emulsion Breaking - Related Videos
05:44
A Rapid, Simple, and Standardized Homogenization Method to Prepare Antigen/Adjuvant Emulsions for Inducing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Cited by 3 •
2022
To induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis, mice are immunized with a water-in-oil emulsion containing an autoantigen and complete Freund's adjuvant. While several protocols exist for the preparation of these emulsions, a rapid, simple, and standardized homogenization protocol for emulsion preparation is presented here.
08:45
Glass-Based Devices to Generate Drops and Emulsions
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Cited by 1 •
2022
Here, a protocol to manufacture glass-based microfluidic devices used for generating highly monodisperse emulsions with controlled drop size is presented.
01:29
The “Break-Even” Point
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2025
The macroeconomic consumption function illustrates the relationship between aggregate consumption (C) and national income (Y). It is typically expressed as:C = a + bYwhere a denotes autonomous consumption—expenditures that occur regardless of income—and b, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC), indicates the fraction of additional income that is spent.The break-even point occurs where:C = YSolving for income yields the break-even level of national income:At this level, the entire output...
04:08
Preparing an Antigen-Adjuvant Emulsion to Induce Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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2025
This video demonstrates an efficient homogenization technique to generate an antigen-adjuvant emulsion to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in a murine model. The emulsion contains an autoantigen — myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) — in the water phase, surrounded by a continuous oil phase comprising an inactivated pathogenic bacteria. The emulsion ensures a sustained release of antigens for a prolonged immune response.
02:04
Fixing Double-strand Breaks
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2020
The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
FAQs
The key event is weakening the interfacial film surrounding dispersed droplets. Once that barrier loses stability, droplets can approach, collide, and coalesce rather than remain separately suspended. The resulting larger liquid bodies are more readily separated by gravity. In engineering systems, controlling this interfacial change is therefore central to improving phase recovery and reducing residual water or contaminants.
Heat, chemical demulsifiers, electrical fields, and centrifugation provide different forms of assistance for destabilization and phase separation. Their value is not identical in every system, so engineers select among them according to the required separation performance, available equipment, and acceptable energy or chemical use. Process selection therefore balances effective treatment with operating efficiency.
Gravity can separate phases more effectively after dispersed droplets join into larger bodies. Coalescence reduces the persistence of finely distributed liquid droplets and allows the separated phases to respond more clearly to gravitational settling. This sequence links interfacial destabilization with practical phase recovery, making coalescence an important intermediate outcome before gravity-based separation is completed.
A practical workflow begins by identifying the phase-recovery and contaminant-reduction goal, then selecting suitable conditions and, if needed, heat, a chemical demulsifier, an electrical field, or centrifugation. The destabilized mixture is allowed or assisted to coalesce and separate through gravity. Engineers then evaluate separation efficiency while limiting energy use and chemical consumption.
Engineering applications include crude-oil dehydration, wastewater treatment, food processing, and chemical manufacturing. In these settings, separation can recover valuable liquid phases, reduce water or contaminant content, and support more efficient fluid handling. The appropriate operating conditions depend on the process objective, but each application benefits from controlled destabilization followed by effective phase separation.
By separating dispersed liquids and reducing water or contaminant content, emulsion breaking can improve the condition of process streams before further handling. This supports more efficient fluid movement and helps prevent unwanted material buildup that contributes to equipment fouling. Engineers must still choose conditions carefully so that the separation benefits justify the energy and chemical requirements.