Viral Concentration
Viral Concentration - Related Videos
07:28
A Small Volume Procedure for Viral Concentration from Water
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Cited by 5 •
2015
An approach was developed for identifying optimal viral concentration conditions for small volume water samples using spikes of human adenovirus. The techniques described here are used to identify concentration parameters for other viral targets, and applied to large-scale viral concentration experimentation.
09:28
Viral Concentration Determination Through Plaque Assays: Using Traditional and Novel Overlay Systems
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Cited by 441 •
2014
Plaque assays are the gold standard for viral quantification, utilizing entrapping overlays on host cellular monolayers to determine viral titers. While various semisolid overlays have traditionally been used, here we demonstrate plaque techniques comparing semisolid overlays to a novel liquid microcrystalline cellulose among several families of viruses.
13:45
Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay (Virochip) to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens
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Cited by 83 •
2011
The Virochip is a pan-viral microarray designed to simultaneously detect all known viruses as well as novel viruses on the basis of conserved sequence homology. Here we demonstrate how to run a Virochip assay to analyze clinical samples for the presence of both known and unknown viruses.
00:57
Viral Recombination
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2019
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment. Viral Recombination Can Create New Diseases Some diseases can infect multiple species. For example, pigs can be infected by some human and...
00:56
Viral Structure
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2019
Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid. Structural Classes of Viruses Many criteria are used to classify viruses, including capsid design. Most viruses...
FAQs
Each concentration approach exploits a different separation property. Membrane filtration and ultrafiltration retain particles according to size, whereas precipitation relies on solubility and centrifugation separates material through applied force. These mechanisms determine how virions are captured from surrounding water and help explain why no single approach is universally appropriate for every environmental sample.
Recovering virions into a smaller volume increases their representation in the material submitted for analysis, which is especially important when the original water contains few particles. The resulting concentrate can support molecular assays for detection, culture-based measurements where feasible, or sequencing. Concentration therefore improves analytical access to viruses in dilute environmental samples.
Molecular assays can detect viral material, culture-based measurements can provide information when the viruses are feasible to grow, and sequencing can identify viruses. These outputs answer different questions rather than serving as interchangeable readouts. Selecting the downstream analysis therefore affects what the concentrated sample can reveal about abundance, identity, and environmental circulation.
A basic workflow begins with a dilute water or wastewater sample, followed by capture through membrane filtration, ultrafiltration, precipitation, or centrifugation. Researchers then recover the captured material in a smaller volume and apply an appropriate analysis, such as molecular testing, feasible culture-based measurement, or sequencing. This sequence links sample processing directly to the intended environmental result.
Method selection centers on the property used to separate virions from water. Filtration-based approaches emphasize size, precipitation uses solubility, and centrifugation applies a physical separation step; charge may also influence capture in relevant approaches. Researchers can therefore compare the available techniques according to the separation principle and the analysis planned for the concentrate.
In environmental studies, concentrated samples support surveillance of viruses in water and wastewater, where sparse particles might otherwise be difficult to analyze. The resulting data can help researchers estimate viral abundance, identify viruses through sequencing, track contamination, and follow circulation or ecosystem change. This makes the method relevant to both public health risk monitoring and environmental assessment.