Extruder Assembly
Extruder Assembly - Related Videos
11:36
Assembly, Loading, and Alignment of an Analytical Ultracentrifuge Sample Cell
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Cited by 21 •
2009
The analytical ultracentrifuge (AUC) sample cell holds sample and reference buffer and during experiments and is exposed to high vacuum and rotor speeds up to 60,000 rpm. This video will demonstrate the rigorous attention to detail necessary for assembly, loading and alignment of this very important component of an AUC experiment.
09:53
Predicting Catalyst Extrudate Breakage Based on the Modulus of Rupture
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Cited by 3 •
2018
Here we present a protocol to measure the modulus of rupture of an extruded catalyst and the breakage of said catalyst extrudates by collision against a surface or by compression in a fixed bed.
10:09
Evaluation of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Integrity in Mouse Oocytes
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Cited by 4 •
2022
Error in chromosome segregation is a common feature in oocytes. Therefore, studying the spindle assembly checkpoint gives important clues about the mechanisms needed to produce healthy eggs. The present protocol describes three complementary assays to evaluate spindle assembly checkpoint integrity in mouse oocytes.
02:41
Protein Complex Assembly
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2020
Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types. Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes. Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
12:18
Assembly of Cell Mimicking Supported and Suspended Lipid Bilayer Models for the Study of Molecular Interactions
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Cited by 2 •
2021
This protocol describes the formation of cell mimicking uni-lipid and multi-lipid vesicles, supported lipid bilayers, and suspended lipid bilayers. These in vitro models can be adapted to incorporate a variety of lipid types and can be used to investigate various molecule and macromolecule interactions.
FAQs
ATP supplies energy for cohesin movement along chromatin. As cohesin advances, it draws neighboring DNA segments together, allowing a loop to grow. This movement provides a dynamic mechanism rather than a static arrangement. In genetic studies, ATP-dependent activity helps connect molecular motion with changes in genome architecture and gene regulation.
CTCF and other boundary elements can limit extrusion, restricting how far a cohesin-mediated loop extends. These constraints help define which DNA regions become associated and can preserve distinct chromatin neighborhoods. Their action is therefore important for interpreting how genome architecture organizes regulatory contacts rather than allowing unrestricted DNA convergence.
Cohesin must first form a functional molecular complex and then become associated with chromatin for extrusion to influence DNA organization. Considering both stages helps distinguish defects in complex formation from problems placing cohesin on DNA. This distinction is useful when analyzing how altered loop formation may affect gene regulation or chromosome organization.
Investigations can assess cohesin complex formation or loading, ATP-dependent movement, loop organization, and limitation by boundary elements such as CTCF. Experimental analyses provide observations of the molecular or chromatin system, while computational analyses help examine patterns of genome organization. Together, these approaches connect molecular mechanisms with larger-scale chromosome architecture.
Loop formation can bring regulatory DNA segments into proximity, including enhancers and promoters that influence gene expression. The extent and placement of loops therefore matter for determining which genomic regions can communicate. Studying cohesin movement and boundary-limited extrusion helps researchers investigate how three-dimensional chromosome organization contributes to regulatory control.
Changes in loop formation can alter the spatial organization of chromosomes and the regulatory contacts that control gene expression. These effects make the process relevant to developmental programs and genome stability. Research also uses this framework to examine how disruptions in chromatin loop formation may contribute to genetic disease-associated changes in regulation.