Energetic Disorder Reduction
Energetic Disorder Reduction - Related Videos
09:50
Preparation and Reactivity of Gasless Nanostructured Energetic Materials
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Cited by 5 •
2015
This protocol describes the preparation of gasless nanostructured energetic materials (Ni+Al, Ta+C, Ti+C) using the short-term high-energy ball milling (HEBM) technique. It also describes a high-speed thermal imaging method to study the reactivity of mechanically fabricated nanocomposites. These protocols can be extended to other reactive nanostructured energetic materials.
11:38
Assessment of Cardiac Function and Energetics in Isolated Mouse Hearts Using 31P NMR Spectroscopy
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Cited by 36 •
2010
Langendorff-mode isolated heart perfusion, in conjunction with 31P NMR spectroscopy, combines the fields of biochemistry and physiology into one experiment. The protocol allows for the dynamic measurement of high energy phosphate content and turnover in the heart while concurrently monitoring physiologic function. When performed correctly, this is a valuable technique in the assessment of cardiac energetics.
02:35
Energetics of Solution Formation
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2023
The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, which is a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source. When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Formation of the solution requires the solute–solute and solvent–solvent electrostatic forces to...
03:11
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
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2020
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions Earth’s atmosphere contains about 20% molecular oxygen, O2, a chemically reactive gas that plays an essential role in the metabolism of aerobic organisms and in many environmental processes that shape the world. The term oxidation was originally used to describe chemical reactions involving O2, but its meaning has evolved to refer to a broad and important reaction class known as oxidation–reduction (redox) reactions. Some redox reactions involve the transfer of...
08:54
Development of a Mobile Mitochondrial Physiology Laboratory for Measuring Mitochondrial Energetics in the Field
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Cited by 2 •
2021
We designed and constructed a mobile laboratory to measure respiration rates in isolated mitochondria of wild animals captured at field locations. Here, we describe the design and outfitting of a mobile mitochondrial laboratory and the associated laboratory protocols.
FAQs
Structural defects, compositional fluctuations, and molecular-scale irregularities disturb the local electronic environment, producing a wider distribution of energy levels. Some of these levels become localized states that can trap charge carriers rather than allowing them to move through the material. The resulting energetic landscape influences transport efficiency and can promote carrier loss through trapping and recombination.
A narrower distribution of local energy levels reduces the range of trapping environments encountered by charge carriers. Carriers can therefore move more efficiently through the material, with fewer interruptions caused by localized states. This improvement can increase conductivity, reduce recombination, and support better device performance, particularly when efficient carrier extraction is important for electronic or energy-conversion devices.
Several engineering strategies can reduce the spread of localized states. Thermal annealing can improve material organization, while improved film formation may reduce irregularities across a thin layer. Compositional optimization addresses variations introduced by the material formulation, and defect passivation targets electronically active imperfections. The most suitable approach depends on which source of disorder limits the material.
A practical workflow begins by improving film formation, then evaluating whether thermal annealing, compositional optimization, or defect passivation addresses the dominant source of irregularity. These treatments are selected to narrow the local energy-level distribution without compromising the film. The resulting material can then be assessed through changes in charge transport, trapping, recombination, conductivity, stability, or energy-conversion efficiency.
The approach is relevant to thin films, organic semiconductors, hybrid semiconductors, photovoltaic devices, and other electronic materials. In these systems, controlling local energy variations can help carriers move more efficiently and can improve device-level properties such as conductivity, stability, and energy-conversion efficiency. It is therefore useful in materials design as well as in processing optimization.
Improved charge transport is a central outcome, but successful control may also appear as reduced carrier trapping and recombination. At the device level, these changes can contribute to higher conductivity, greater stability, or improved energy-conversion efficiency. Interpreting the result requires connecting the processing treatment to the material's local energy-level distribution and to the performance property being optimized.