Particle Systems
Particle Systems - Related Videos
03:37
Subatomic Particles
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2020
Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom. The Discovery of the Electron The first clue about the subatomic structure came at the end of the 19th century when J.J. Thomson discovered the electron using a cathode ray tube. This apparatus consisted of a sealed glass...
16:31
Echo Particle Image Velocimetry
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Cited by 10 •
2012
An echo particle image velocimetry (EPIV) system capable of acquiring two-dimensional fields of velocity in optically opaque fluids or through optically opaque geometries is described, and validation measurements in pipe flow are reported.
02:10
The Nucleosome Core Particle
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2020
Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins. The paradox Nucleosomes, paradoxically, perform two opposite functions simultaneously. On the one hand, their main responsibility is to protect the delicate DNA strands from physical damage and help achieve a higher compaction ratio. While on the other hand, they must allow polymerase enzymes to access DNA...
13:19
The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology
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Cited by 73 •
2013
Cell growth rate is a regulated process and a primary determinant of cell physiology. Continuous culturing using chemostats enables extrinsic control of cell growth rate by nutrient limitation facilitating the study of molecular networks that control cell growth and how those networks evolve to optimize cell growth.
06:17
Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination
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Cited by 28 •
2016
Here, we present a protocol for synthesizing virus-like particles using either baculovirus or mammalian expression systems, and ultracentrifugation purification. This highly customizable approach is used to identify viral antigens as vaccine targets in a safe and flexible manner.
FAQs
Particle size, shape, and density affect how particles move and interact within a process. These properties contribute to differences in settling, mixing, segregation, agglomeration, and fluidization behavior. Accounting for them helps engineers connect material characteristics with equipment performance, transport behavior, and product quality rather than treating all particles as physically equivalent.
Contact forces, friction, and collisions govern how particles transfer motion and respond to one another. Their effects help determine whether particles flow, separate, accumulate, or form agglomerates. Including these interactions in an engineering model improves analysis of collective behavior and supports more reliable predictions of process stability and material movement.
Interactions with surrounding fluids add another influence to particle motion beyond particle-to-particle contact. These interactions are important when analyzing settling and fluidization, where fluid conditions affect how particles are transported or supported. Engineers include fluid effects to better evaluate process behavior and to distinguish systems dominated by direct contacts from those strongly coupled to fluid motion.
An analysis begins by accounting for particle size, shape, density, motion, contact forces, friction, collisions, and interactions with surrounding fluids. Engineers then use computational models and experiments to examine behaviors such as flow, settling, mixing, or segregation. Comparing these results helps guide equipment design and optimize transport, stability, efficiency, or material quality.
Particle systems are relevant to chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, energy production, environmental treatment, and advanced manufacturing. In these settings, engineers may need to manage powders, grains, droplets, or pellets while controlling movement, mixing, separation, or stability. Analysis of particle behavior supports the design and optimization of equipment across these varied process environments.
Computational models and experiments can improve predictions of transport, stability, efficiency, and material quality. They also help engineers examine process behaviors including granular flow, settling, mixing, segregation, agglomeration, and fluidization. These outcomes provide evidence for refining equipment designs and selecting operating approaches that better match the behavior of the materials being processed.