Nature exhibits a plethora of fascinating optical structures and effects. These range from lenses that focus light, enabling vision, to photonic crystals and other intricate architectures that scatter light, producing brilliant structural colors, among other effects. Studying such natural systems deepens our understanding of the world around us. It guides the development of bio-inspired technologies within optics and beyond, allowing us to address global challenges through the design of materials and their interaction with the electromagnetic spectrum.
This Methods Compendium brings together researchers from various disciplines that shine a light (or electrons) onto optical structures found in nature to make the techniques more broadly accessible. The methods include electron and optical microscopes, a variety of spectroscopic techniques for the characterization of either the materials composition (e.g., infrared and Raman spectroscopies) or optical behavior (e.g., visible light reflection/transmission/absorption spectroscopy), and a variety of in vivo and in vitro investigations elucidate such structures' morphogenesis.
Together, these methods can help elucidate the formation, geometry, composition, and optical effects of natural optical structures and can be valuable to researchers from different disciplines within and beyond optics, materials science, evolutionary biology, behavioral sciences, and more.