Glial cells were once considered passive components of the nervous system, primarily serving to support neurons and maintain homeostasis. This view persisted due to significant technical challenges in studying glial function. These challenges arose from the limited tools available to capture the functional complexity of glial cells, which are small, have complex morphologies, and engage in rapid, localized ionic signaling. 

However, with the advent of advanced research technologies, glial cells are now recognized as active regulators of neuronal functions. For example, astrocytes—a subtype of glial cells—play crucial roles in modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity, maintaining the balance of extracellular ions and neurotransmitters, preserving the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, promoting neurogenesis, responding to injury through reactive gliosis, influencing immune responses, and regulating cerebral blood flow. These diverse roles are increasingly linked to broader physiological processes such as sleep regulation, memory consolidation, and the generation of respiratory rhythms.

This collection aims to highlight state-of-the-art methodologies used to study neuron-glial interactions. Techniques include advanced imaging, optogenetics, chemogenetics, and single-cell omics. Special emphasis will be placed on applying these techniques across various experimental models, such as brain organoids, acute slices, and in vivo systems. We will also critically evaluate each model’s capabilities and limitations. By bringing together diverse methodological approaches and the increasing sophistication of glial research, this collection will provide a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and offer valuable insights to guide future advances in our understanding of neuro-glial interactions.