The design of next-generation vaccines relies on a deep understanding of immune responses to complex and continuously evolving pathogens. Therefore, interpreting humoral immunity requires more than quantifying antibody levels; it demands assessing antibody quality and function. Such insights are critical for predicting long-term protection and anticipating challenges posed by pathogen mutations.

This Methods Collection aims to provide the research community with state-of-the-art protocols for advanced immunological investigation. It will provide researchers with tools for an accurate evaluation of vaccine efficacy and natural immunity, supporting the transition from basic to applied research.

We particularly welcome protocols that address complex immunological phenomena such as original antigenic sin. Relevant techniques include B-cell repertoire analysis, fine epitope mapping, immune memory recall assays, and the identification and quantification of correlates of protection. A key emphasis is on elucidating the functional roles of different antibody isotypes, particularly IgA, and refining the methods used to sample, process, and functionally test these antibodies.