Jominy End Quench
Jominy End Quench - Related Videos
10:57
Quenching and Boiling
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2023
Source: Alexander S Rattner, Sanjay Adhikari, and Mahdi Nabil; Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA Controlled heating followed by rapid cooling is an important element of many materials processing applications. This heat-treating procedure can increase material hardness, which is important for cutting tools or surfaces in high wear environments. The rapid cooling stage is called quenching, and is often performed by immersing...
01:03
Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints
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2025
Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints. Suture All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...
01:17
Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints
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2025
As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. There are two types of cartilaginous joints: Synchondrosis A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...
01:16
Structural Joints: Synovial Joints
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2025
Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
12:44
Creation of a Knee Joint-on-a-Chip for Modeling Joint Diseases and Testing Drugs
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Cited by 11 •
2023
We provide detailed methods for generating four types of tissues from human mesenchymal stem cells, which are used to recapitulate the cartilage, bone, fat pad, and synovium in the human knee joint. These four tissues are integrated into a customized bioreactor and connected through microfluidics, thus generating a knee joint-on-a-chip.
FAQs
The water jet cools one end directly, while locations farther away experience progressively different cooling rates. This controlled variation creates a range of cooling conditions within one cylindrical specimen rather than producing a single uniform result. Measuring hardness at selected distances therefore reveals how the steel responds across changing cooling rates and indicates potential hardness and microstructure gradients through a component.
Alloy composition affects the steel’s ability to develop hardness through its section during cooling. Testing different compositions under the same standardized conditions allows engineers to compare their hardenability using the resulting hardness profiles. These comparisons support selection of a steel whose response is appropriate for the expected component geometry and intended heat-treatment process.
The curve shows how measured hardness changes with distance from the quenched end, linking the hardness profile to the cooling conditions experienced along the specimen. Its pattern helps engineers evaluate whether a steel can maintain useful hardness farther from a directly cooled surface. The same results also support predictions of microstructure and hardness gradients in larger sections.
A cylindrical steel specimen is first austenitized, then one end is quenched with a controlled water jet. After cooling, hardness measurements are taken at set distances along the specimen. Plotting those measurements produces the hardenability curve, which provides a consistent basis for comparing steels and examining how their hardness changes with distance from the quenched end.
Engineers compare the measured hardenability profile with the component’s section-size requirements. A steel that develops suitable hardness throughout the relevant section can be favored over one that hardens adequately only near a cooled surface. This use of the data helps connect laboratory results with heat-treatment planning for parts such as tools, shafts, gears, and structural components.
The test provides more than a single hardness measurement because it describes hardness behavior across a controlled range of cooling rates. Engineers can use that information to anticipate hardness and microstructure variation through a part, compare candidate alloys, and design processes suited to different section sizes. These decisions contribute to more reliable manufacturing and component performance.