Mutation

Every time cells divide to make new cells, the DNA also gets replicated. Cells have sophisticated mechanisms to check and fix errors that may arise during DNA replication.

Sometimes, small mistakes may go unchecked, causing a permanent change in the DNA sequence, this is called a mutation.

It can happen naturally during cell division or be caused by harmful environmental factors called mutagens. Examples include UV radiation, certain chemicals like asbestos, and certain types of viruses.

Interestingly, most mutations are neutral—they don’t cause any noticeable changes and are simply passed on as cells divide.

Some of these mutations can be harmful. For example, tobacco smoke and excessive exposure to asbestos are linked to cancer.

Mutations are grouped into two main types: Gene mutations and Chromosomal mutations.

Gene mutations involve small changes in DNA, like swapping one DNA letter. Such mutations are called point mutations.

Chromosomal mutations affect larger sections of chromosomes, like deleting an entire segment or swapping segments between two chromosomes.